How this book came to be written xvi

Highlights of this book xvi

Is this book for you? xviii

WARNINGS! xix

Microcontrollers 1

Programming Languages 2

Efficient Design With a Microcontroller 5

Plan, Plan, Plan, Plan, and Then Do 7

System Integration 11

Programming languages 13

Variables 17

8051 Memory spaces 20

Operators 21

Branching Constructs 29

Looping Constructs 32

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Five Kinds of Functions 38

Function Examples 40

Advanced Function Topics 44

Arrays 48

Structures 50

Memory Spaces 52

Pointers 52

Unions 55

Why Modular? 67

C Language Modules 68

Assembly Language Modules 70

Scope of Variables and Functions 71

Mixing Module Languages 72

Libraries 77

Code Efficiency 77

Microcomputers 80

Computer Instructions 80

8051 Instruction Summary 92

Clock Cycles & Software Delays 100

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Memory Technologies 103

8051 Memory 105

Parallel Ports 107

Bus expansion 108

Stand-alone Microcontrollers 110

Interrupts 112

Counters 115

Timers 116

RTOS Basics 127

Commercial RTOS 131

Including RTKS in Projects 146

Small RTOS compared 151

RTKB—Priority-Based Pre-emptive Kernel 153

Commercial operating Systems 168

Cost & Benefits of RTOS 170

Numbers and Notations 173

Number Conversion 175

Conversion to ASCII (for a Display) 176

Decimal to Binary (input from a keypad) 178

Parsing 179

Random numbers 180

Scaling 183

Look-up Tables 185

Linear interpolation 189

Floating Point Variables 191

Measuring Frequency or Period 192

Maintaining a Calendar 198

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Library Functions 201

Self-calibration of Sensors 202

Digital Signal Processing 203

Smoothing & Averaging 205

Control Algorithms 205

Fuzzy Logic 209

Adaptive Control (Self-tuning) 210

Tracking & Hill Climbing 211

Dynamic Memory Allocation 211

UART Fundamentals 213

UART Examples 215

Software-only "UARTs" 220

Serial Driver Hardware 225

EIA/TIA-232 (RS-232) Specification 226

Other Serial Protocols 229

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Single-use Buffers 232

Cyclic (FIFO/Ring) Buffers 233

Topologies 239

Common Network Issues 240

Shared Line Communication 250

RS-422, RS-485 251

Waking Nodes—9th Bit Mode 262

8051 UART Shift Register Mode 264

SPI Bus 265

Networking Protocols Are Similar 269

I2C/ACCESS/SMB History & Overview 269

SMB/I2C Protocol 271

Electrical Details 281

CAN Message Frame 287

CAN & the OSI Model 288

Collision/Arbitration/Priority 289

Signals 290

CAN Error Handling 291

Chip support 292

Example: CAN Message Exchange 294

All things to all people? 298

USB Architecture 300

USB Logical Abstractions 301

USB Electrical Features 302

Protocol Overview 305

Doing USB Applications 314

Interfacing TTL 316

Inputs to TTL 316

Switches & Buttons 317

Keypads 318

Keyboards 321

Music Keyboards 323

Signals From IR Remotes 323

Light-Emitting Diodes 326

Liquid Crystal Displays 329

Other Types of Alphanumeric Displays 334

CRT (Video) Drivers 334

DC Motors 334

Relays and Solenoids 336

Stepper Motors 337

Knobs & Sliders 341

Proximity & Ranging Inputs 341

Relative X-Y Position Devices 343

Absolute X-Y Position: Digitizers 345

Optical Interruptors 346

Angle Sensing 346

Optical Isolation 348

A-D Conversion 349

Analog Comparators 355

Voltage to Frequency 356

Electrical Measurements 357

Physical measurements 359

Light Inputs 361

Magnetic Inputs 363

Measuring & Recognizing Sounds 364

Speech Recognition 366

Inputs from the Physically-disabled 367

Resistor-Ladder D-A 369

Other D-A Techniques 372

Music Outputs 374

Speech Synthesis 376

AC Measurements 377

AC Power Production & Control 382

Alphabetic-ordered List: 389

Numeric-ordered List 396